Long or Full Keels

These sailboat keels are found on the heavy displacement boats of yesteryear, and are still popular with some long distance cruising sailors. The Nicholson 32 sketched below is a popular example of a long keel sailboat.

Unlike more modern keels they are built-in as part of the boat's hull construction, which makes them extremely robust.

But such boats are slow and need a large spread of sail to get them moving, especially in light winds. This is largely due to the high wetted area, and consequent drag, of sailboat keels of this type.



In their favor though, long keel sailboats track through the water as if on rails, have a comfortable motion in a seaway and will heave-to readily.

Close-quarters maneuvering, such as wriggly in and out of a marina berth, is not their specialty.

Encapsulated Fin Keels



These were the natural development of long fin keels, and whilst retaining their positive attributes, greatly improved maneuverability due to the separation of the keel and the rudder.

The Contessa 32 sketched here is a highly regarded example of these long-fin and skeg rudder sailboats

Deep Fin Keels

Deep fin keels are manufactured separately from the hull, and are subsequently bolted on. Keel bolts have a justified reputation as being 'suspect', owing to their habit of corroding undetected.

But this type of sailboat keel is more efficient to windward than the previous two keel types, creating more lift and reducing leeway.

All sailboats make some leeway - perhaps just a few degrees - when sailing to windward, which creates an angle of attack between the fin keel and the water flowing past it.

Much like a sail, or indeed an aircraft's wing, this produces an area of low pressure flow on one side of the foil and high pressure on the other.

 The keel tends to move into the low pressure area, conveniently reducing leeway and dragging the boat up to windward.

Retractable Keels

Retractable keel sailboats, or lifting keel sailboats, types rely on ropes and pulleys - or hydraulic rams in some cases - to retract a steel centerplate into a keel housing. Some types operate vertically and others pivot around a pin at the forward end, like that on the swing-keeler shown here.

In some designs a ballast stub keel is retained which contains the keel housing. Others have no stub keel at all and all of the keel housing projects into the boat to some degree, usually to the detriment of the accommodation.

When all goes well, sailboat keels of this type would seem the ideal solution to provide deep draft offshore and shoal draft when navigating in shallow waters.

Another much heralded benefit is the ability to dry out upright, particularly when partnered with a twin rudder design. Nevertheless some offshore sailors may feel that that the added complexity and possibility of failure outweighs all other advantages.

Most sailors with lifting keel boats that I've spoken to have experienced, or continue to worry about, at least one of the following:

That keel slot in the bottom of the boat. How well engineered is it to resist the side loads imposed on it by the centerplate?

The rope and pulleys that operate the centerplate. When is something going to break?

When are all the barnacles, firmly attached to the 'impossible to anti-foul' inner surfaces of the keel housing, going to gang-up and jam the centerplate?

How soon before a stone wedges itself between the centerplate and the keel housing, firmly jamming it in the 'up' position?

How much longer can I put up with the noise of the thing rattling around?

But they have their moments of glory. For UK yachtsman tempted by the prospect of warm water Mediterranean sailing, but not overly enthused about the exposed passage around the Iberian Peninsular and through the Straits of Gibraltar, a retractable keel sailboat will get him there through the Canal de Garonne and the Canal du Midi.

Twin, or bilge keels

Here are a peculiarly British thing. Nowhere else do they seem to enjoy the same level of popularity.

Along with long-legged birds and wellie-clad bait diggers bilge keelers very much at home on tidal mud flats, where drying moorings are much less expensive than the deep water kind.

Apart from their shallow draft, the benefit of a bilge keeler is that these cheap moorings can be enjoyed without falling over - twice a day in fact.

And that's it, as far as I can see. Underway, their high wetted area and lack of low-down ballast can only detract from their sailing performance - and if you inadvertently run aground in one of these, you may be there for a while, since you can't heel the boat to reduce its draft.

Sailboat Keels with Bulbs or Wings



One way to reduce draft whilst minimizing the affect on stability is to provide additional ballast in the form of a lead bulb on the bottom of the keel.

Variations on these types of sailboat keels include torpedoes, the Scheel keel and the wing keel.

Properly designed 'torpedoes' meet this requirement, and providing they don't project forward of the keel's leading edge - where they'll collect pick-up lines, discarded fishing nets and other assorted flotsam and jetsam - are a good solution for offshore yachts.

The Scheel keel, invented by the American designer Henry A Scheel, is said to create additional lift through the converse sections on top of the bulb, and appears on several highly-regarded offshore designs.

Wing keels develop this principle further, but share the same propensity for collecting unwanted hangers-on as the forward projecting torpedo.



Wings increase wetted area, and hence drag, but as well as producing more hydrodynamic lift they do provide a degree of 'damping' in a rolly anchorage.

You'll need to support the boat in slings to anti-foul the underside of the wing, or alternatively employ a diver to scrub it clean at regular intervals.

Also while in reverse using the engine they will be hard to maneuver capsizing.

Conclusion:



There are many fine boats out there every kill type serves it own purpose most modern boats will be equipped with a fin or Bulbs kill and super racers will be equipped with a swing kill to allow for better performance.